Within each of these interaction domains, four kind of activities take place
- pushing information over the Internet, e.g: regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.
- two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency.
- conducting transactions, e.g: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.
- governance, e.g: online polling, voting, and campaigning.
The most important anticipated benefits of e-government include improved efficiency, convenience, and better accessibility of public services.
applications for e-government).
There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.
In countries such as the United Kingdom, there is interest in using electronic government to re-engage citizens with the political process. In particular, this has taken the form of experiments with electronic voting, aiming to increase voter turnout by making voting easy. The UK Electoral Commission has undertaken several pilots, though concern has been expressed about the potential for fraud with some electronic voting methods.
Development and implementation issues
The development and implementation of e-government involves consideration of its effects on the organisation of the public sector (Cordella, 2007) and on the nature of the services provided by the state including environmental, social, cultural, educational, and consumer issues, among others.
Governments may need to consider the impact by gender, age, language skills, and cultural diversity, as well as the effect on literacy, numeracy, education standards and IT literacy. Economic concerns include the "Digital divide," or the effect of non-use, non-availability or inaccessibility of e-government, or of other digital resources, upon the structure of society, and the potential impact on income and economics.
and Internet infrastructure.
From a technological standpoint, the implementation of e-government has effects on e-enablement, interoperability (e.g., e-GIF) and semantic web issues, "legacy technology" (making "pre-eGovernment IT" work together with or be replaced by e-government systems), and implications for software choices (between open source and proprietary software, and between programming languages) as well as political blogging especially by legislators.
There are also management issues related to service integration, local e-government, and Internet governance including ICANN, IETF and W3C, and financial considerations, such as the cost of implementation / effect on existing budgets, effect on government procurement, and funding.
Legal implications include freedom of information and privacy (e.g. UK Data Protection Act) concerns.
The phrase "e-government" has been a rallying cry for public sector modernization since the 90's, but for many it is now losing its appeal as a slogan or concept. This trend has various drivers. Firstly, there is a wish to mainstream e-government so that best use of technology is integrated into all public sector activity rather than seen as a special interest or add-on. Secondly, many administrations recognise the importance of linking e-government to wider public sector change programmes. Thirdly, the phrase e-government is itself not particularly useful in motivating a change programme. These sorts of considerations have led countries such as the UK to talk of transformational government rather than e-government. Finally, there is the issue of the implications for the public sector of Web 2.0 . All these considerations suggest that e-government is entering a new phase and one in which the term "e-government" is itself becoming less popular.
The eGU’s stated mission is to "ensur[e] that IT supports the business transformation of Government itself so that we can provide better, more efficient, public services."
The eGU is responsible for
- formulating information technology (IT) strategy and policy
- developing common IT components for use across government
- promoting best practices across government
- delivering citizen-centered online services
The eGU website lists 6 guiding principles[2] for the unit:
- To work on public service projects, not just IT projects
- To add value and support, rather than control or dictate
- To undertake partnerships with departments and suppliers
- To set realistic expectations and aim to exceed them
- To promote global best practices
- To share solutions when possible, and offer flexibility to meet unique needs
Responsibilities
Responsibilities of the eGU include:
- Strategy - To develop policy and planning for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) within the Government and to provide an element of programme management; To support the Government's objectives for public service delivery and administrative efficiency.
- Architecture - To provide policy, design, standards, governance, advice and guidance for ICT in central government; To commission government-wide infrastructure and services; To address issues of systems integration with other levels of government.
- Innovation - To provide high-level advice to government bodies on innovative opportunities that come from ICT.
- IT Finance - To monitor major IT projects in the Government and give advice on major investment decisions (in partnership with the Office of Government Commerce (OGC)).
- IT HR - To lead the Government’s professional IT development.
- Projects - To take on ad hoc policy and strategy studies to support ministers, the Prime Minister's Office, the Cabinet Office and the Treasury.
- Research - To identify and communicate key technology trends, opportunities, threats and risks.
- Security - To oversee government IT security policy, standards, monitoring and assurance, and contingency-planning for the critical national infrastructure.
- Supplier management - To manage the top-level relationship with strategic suppliers to the Government and to carry out supplier analysis (in partnership with OGC).
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